Revolutionising Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Health Care System and Its Related Medical In-Transparencies.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medicine has revolutionised various sectors of the health care system, including robotics surgery, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, evidence-based medicine and advanced research and transplantation techniques. By offering improved 3D imagery of the various organs involved in surgery and perfectly minimising the chances of error, AI aid made complicated surgical procedures more efficient and highly effective, requiring less hands-on. Further, the AI tool helps plastic surgery and aesthetic surgeons in anticipating prognostic surgical markers and post-operative consequences. In addition to enhancing accurate and rapid diagnosis, AI has played a pivotal role in the development and discovery of new drugs. Nevertheless, the application of AI in health care also raises significant challenges and concerns. Incorrect drug recommendations, failure to identify tumours and lesions on imaging modalities and potential bias in data entry and its automatic can risk the life of patients on a large scale. Additionally, breaching patient data privacy may raise concerns about cybersecurity issues, further compromised by growing dependency on AI which can result in massive unemployment. In short, AI has played a pivotal role in health care; however, addressing the in-transparencies is critical to ensure safe, ethical and more effective implementation in the dynamic field of medicine.

To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate-Reasons of Willingness and Reluctance of Students against SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-An International Experience.

Despite the vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being reported to be safe and effective, the unwillingness to vaccinate and doubts are still common. The aim of this international study was to assess the major reasons for the unwillingness to vaccinate in a group of students from Poland (n = 1202), Bangladesh (n = 1586), India (n = 484), Mexico (n = 234), Egypt (n = 566), Philippines (n = 2076), Pakistan (n = 506), Vietnam (n = 98) and China (n = 503). We conducted an online cross-sectional study that aimed to assess (1) the percentage of vaccinated and unvaccinated students and (2) the reasons associated with willingness/unwillingness to the vaccine. The study included 7255 respondents from 9 countries with a mean age of 21.85 ± 3.66 years. Only 22.11% (n = 1604) of students were vaccinated. However, the majority (69.25%, n = 5025) expressed a willingness to be vaccinated. More willing to vaccinate were students in informal relationships who worked mentally, used psychological/psychiatric services before the pandemic, and studied medicine. There are cultural differences regarding the reasons associated with the unwillingness to vaccinate, but some 'universal' might be distinguished that apply to the whole group.

Endoscopic removal of self-inflicted urethral foreign body: A case report.

A 64-year-old patient came to urology OPD with a manually inserted electric wire piece in the urethra. A plain X-ray KUB confirmed the location of an electric wire in the urethra extending to the bladder. He was scheduled for a cystoscopy, on which it was observed that there was an electric wire piece present in the urethra, which was removed under direct vision. There were no postoperative complications. This case report provides a brief overview of the condition presentation and evaluation. The key consideration for the management of such cases with review of the literature are discussed in detail.

Revival of the heterologous prime-boost technique in COVID-19: An outlook from the history of outbreaks.

BACKGROUND: The heterologous prime-boost vaccination technique is not novel as it has a history of deployment in previous outbreaks. AIM: Hence, this narrative review aims to provide critical insight for reviving the heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination relative to a brief positive outlook on the mix-dose approach deployed in previous and existing outbreaks (ie, Ebola virus disease (EVD), malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV and influenza virus). METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS: A Boolean search was carried out to find the literature in MEDLINE-PubMed, Clinicaltrials, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up till December 22, 2021, using the specific keywords that include "SARS-CoV2", "COVID-19", "Ebola," "Malaria," "Tuberculosis," "Human Immunodeficiency Virus," "Hepatitis B," "Influenza," "Mix and match," "Heterologous prime-boost," with interposition of "OR" and "AND." Full text of all the related articles in English language with supplementary appendix was retrieved. In addition, the full text of relevant cross-references was also retrieved. RESULTS: Therefore, as generally evident by the primary outcomes, that is, safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity reported and updated by preclinical and clinical studies for addressing previous and existing outbreaks so far, including COVID-19, it is understood that heterologous prime-boost immunization has been proven successful for eliciting a more efficacious immune response as of yet in comparison to the traditional homologous prime-boost immunization regimen. DISCUSSION: Accordingly, with increasing cases of COVID-19, many countries such as Germany, Pakistan, Canada, Thailand, and the United Kingdom have started administering the heterologous vaccination as the technique aids to rationalize the usage of the available vaccines to aid in the global race to vaccinate majority to curb the spread of COVID-19 efficiently. However, the article emphasizes the need for more large controlled trials considering demographic details of vaccine recipients, which would play an essential role in clearing the mistrust about safety concerns to pace up the acceptance of the technique across the globe. CONCLUSION: Consequently, by combatting the back-to-back waves of COVID-19 and other challenging variants of concerns, including Omicron, the discussed approach can also help in addressing the expected evolution of priority outbreaks as coined by WHO, that is, "Disease X" in 2018 with competency, which according to WHO can turn into the "next pandemic" or the "next public health emergency," thus would eventually lead to eradicating the risk of "population crisis."